A Framework for Thinking About Human Origins in Science and Religion

Author: Wan Mohd Aimran Wan Mohd Kamil | 27th March 2025

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Controversies surrounding human origins often stem from differences in scientific and religious perspectives. The following 20 questions provide a framework for examining these differences, recognizing knowledge gaps, and understanding key issues in both science and religion.

Understanding Life and Its Origins

1. What is a living being?A living being is typically defined by characteristics such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, and response to stimuli. However, borderline cases like viruses challenge rigid definitions. Understanding this question helps clarify how we distinguish life from non-life in both scientific and religious contexts.

   
   

2. What is the history of life’s origins according to modern science?Modern science suggests that life began around 3.5–4 billion years ago through chemical processes that led to self-replicating molecules. Over time, evolution by natural selection resulted in the diversity of species we see today. This question helps explore how science reconstructs the distant past.

   
   

3. How was the origin of life explained in science before the theory of evolution?Before Darwin’s theory, many scientists believed in spontaneous generation—the idea that life could arise from non-living matter (e.g., maggots forming from decaying meat). Other explanations involved fixed, unchanging species. Understanding this shift highlights how scientific theories evolve.

   
   

4. How is the origin of life explained in science after the theory of evolution?Evolutionary theory explains the diversification of life but does not fully address the very first emergence of life (abiogenesis). Theories like the RNA world hypothesis attempt to fill this gap. This question distinguishes between the origin of life and the evolution of species.

Scientific Evidence and Predictions of Evolution

5. What are the evidences supporting the theory of evolution? Evidence includes the fossil record, genetic similarities across species, observed natural selection in real-time, and biogeographical distribution. Such evidence strengthens the scientific consensus on evolution.

   
   

6. What predictions does the theory of evolution make?A strong scientific theory makes testable predictions. Evolution predicts transitional fossils (like Tiktaalik), genetic relationships (e.g., humans sharing 98% of DNA with chimpanzees), and observable adaptation in species over time. Understanding this helps assess evolution’s explanatory power.

   
   

Religious Perspectives on the Origins of Life

7. What is the history of life’s origins according to religion?Religious traditions describe creation in different ways. In Islam, Christianity, and Judaism, life is created by God’s will, with Adam often depicted as the first human. Understanding this question helps compare historical religious narratives.

   
   

8. How is the origin of life explained in religion?Religious explanations often focus on divine creation, sometimes with varying interpretations. Some view creation as instantaneous, while others accept a guided process over time. This question helps examine theological interpretations of life’s beginnings.

   
   

Scientific vs. Religious Methods of Explanation

9. How is evidence in science similar to or different from evidence in religion?Science relies on empirical evidence, repeatability, and falsifiability. Religious knowledge is based on revelation, scripture, and spiritual experience. Understanding these differences clarifies why debates arise between the two.

   
   

10. How is the purpose of explanation in science similar to or different from the purpose of explanation in religion?Science seeks natural causes and predictive models, while religion often addresses meaning, purpose, and moral guidance. Recognizing this distinction prevents unnecessary conflicts between scientific and religious perspectives.

    
    

The Definition and Nature of Humanity

11. What is the definition of a human being in modern science?Scientifically, humans (Homo sapiens) are a species of primates with advanced cognitive abilities, culture, and tool-making skills. However, defining humanity solely based on biology leaves out philosophical and ethical dimensions.

    
    

12. What is the definition of a human being in religion?Religiously, humans are often defined by their spiritual nature, moral responsibility, and relationship with God. In Islam, humans are seen as khalifah (stewards) on Earth. This question highlights different ways of defining "human."

    
    

13. To what extent is humanity similar to or different from other living beings according to science?Scientifically, humans share genetic and behavioral similarities with animals, particularly primates. However, unique traits such as complex language, abstract thought, and advanced technology set us apart.

    
    

14. To what extent is humanity similar to or different from other living beings according to religion?Religion often emphasizes human uniqueness, particularly in moral responsibility and spiritual awareness. In Islamic thought, humans possess a soul (ruh) and free will, distinguishing them from animals.

    
    

15. Does science emphasize the similarities or uniqueness of humans compared to other creatures?Science generally emphasizes continuity between species, seeing humans as part of the evolutionary tree. However, some disciplines (e.g., cognitive science) also study uniquely human traits.

    
    

16. Does religion emphasize the similarities or uniqueness of humans compared to other creatures?Religion often emphasizes human uniqueness, viewing them as distinct from other creatures in moral and spiritual status. This question helps uncover whether religious views allow for any biological continuity.

    
    

The Purpose and Destiny of Humanity

17. What is the purpose of human existence according to science?Science does not assign inherent purpose to human life but explains survival, reproduction, and adaptation. Philosophers and scientists debate whether meaning emerges from human consciousness or social constructs.

    
    

18. What is the purpose of human existence according to religion?Religion provides purpose beyond material existence—such as worshipping God, seeking moral excellence, and preparing for the afterlife. In Islam, humans are seen as servants and vicegerents of God.

    
    

The Grand Narrative of Human Origins and Fate

19. What is the narrative of human creation—origins, development, and ultimate fate—according to science?Science describes humans evolving from ancestral hominins, developing civilization, and potentially facing extinction like other species. Some speculate about future human evolution or space colonization.

    
    

20. What is the narrative of human creation—origins, development, and ultimate fate—according to religion?Religious narratives describe humans as created by God, tested in this world, and ultimately returning to the Creator. In Islam, life is a trial leading to either eternal reward or punishment.

    
    

This framework allows the public to identify key knowledge gaps and recognize how different disciplines—science and religion—approach the question of human origins. Rather than forcing a choice between the two, it encourages thoughtful reflection on the complexities of both perspectives.

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